The Taiwan snail-eating ground beetle (Carabus nankotaizanus) is the largest endemic ground beetle in Taiwan. Its taxonomic status has long been debated, previously classified into four subspecies based mainly on continuous morphological variation, without sufficient evidence to support their status as distinct species. In 2009, C. nankotaizanus was excluded from Taiwan’s conservation list, due to limited knowledge regarding its distribution, life history, and genetic diversity.
Our findings reveal a distinct altitudinal gap (500–1000 m) with only a single record, suggesting two geographically and ecologically separated populations: low- and high-elevation groups. Based on multiple species concepts, we reassessed its taxonomic status:These results support the recognition of C. nankotaizanus as four independently evolving taxonomic units rather than a single species. Given ongoing threats to low-elevation populations from habitat loss and fragmentation—likely to be intensified by future climate change—and the low population density of high-elevation groups, we recommend a reassessment of current conservation strategies. Protection efforts should be tailored to the evolutionary distinctiveness of each lineage.
本研究整合形態學、生態學與分子遺傳學,採多重物種概念,突破過去僅依賴形態特徵的分類模式,將台灣擬食蝸步行蟲重新界定為四個獨立演化單元。結果揭示高低海拔族群在體型、棲位及活動週期上的顯著差異,並透過潛在分布模型評估不同氣候情境下的棲地變化與風險,提出精準保育建議,為特有種長期保護提供科學依據。