Elite Award: Selected

Integrative systematics and conservation of endangered Carabus Nankotaizanus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Taiwan

Lan-Wei Yeh
Department of Life Science, Tunghai University
Co-author: Hsin-Ping Ko, Ping-Shih Yang, Kwok-Ching Wong, Teiji Sota,Chung-Ping Lin

Abstract

The Taiwan snail-eating ground beetle (Carabus nankotaizanus) is the largest endemic ground beetle in Taiwan. Its taxonomic status has long been debated, previously classified into four subspecies based mainly on continuous morphological variation, without sufficient evidence to support their status as distinct species. In 2009, C. nankotaizanus was excluded from Taiwan’s conservation list, due to limited knowledge regarding its distribution, life history, and genetic diversity.

Our findings reveal a distinct altitudinal gap (500–1000 m) with only a single record, suggesting two geographically and ecologically separated populations: low- and high-elevation groups. Based on multiple species concepts, we reassessed its taxonomic status:
  1. Morphological species concept: Significant morphological divergence supports recognition as two distinct species.
  2. Ecological species concept: Differences in ecological adaptation and phenology justify their treatment as separate ecological species.
  3. Phylogenetic species concept: Genetic analyses reveal four independently diverged lineages, underscoring the role of Taiwan’s mountain ranges in driving diversification.

These results support the recognition of C. nankotaizanus as four independently evolving taxonomic units rather than a single species. Given ongoing threats to low-elevation populations from habitat loss and fragmentation—likely to be intensified by future climate change—and the low population density of high-elevation groups, we recommend a reassessment of current conservation strategies. Protection efforts should be tailored to the evolutionary distinctiveness of each lineage.

Methodology and Implementation Steps

  1. 樣本收集:我們共取得來自台灣各地的台灣擬食蝸步行蟲樣本 414 隻。田野採集涵蓋高、低海拔多個地點,並記錄 GPS 座標與棲地特徵,以供後續形態、遺傳與分布分析使用。
  2. 形態量測:形態分析包括傳統形質量測與幾何形態學分析。形質量測涵蓋頭、胸、腹部的長度與寬度等共 12 個特徵;幾何形態學部分則於頭、胸、腹部腹面各標記 16 個同源位點(landmarks)。所得資料分別以主成分分析(PCA)比較高、低海拔生態型之間的形態差異。
  3. 季節活動差異:於宜蘭四個地點設置導板集井式陷阱(drift-fence funnel traps,n = 95)進行調查,包括兩處高海拔(太平山、明池)與兩處低海拔(五結、冬山),監測時間涵蓋 2008–2011 年。以活動密度〔個體數 ÷(捕捉天數 × 陷阱數 × 導板長度)× 100〕標準化不同地點的採樣努力,並比較各地的季節活動差異。
  4. 分布建模:將收集到的出現紀錄依海拔分為高海拔與低海拔族群,並以 5 km 間距進行篩選,以降低空間自相關。篩選後,低海拔與高海拔族群分別保留 18 與 17 筆出現紀錄,使用 MAXENT建立生態棲位模型(ENMs),比較兩族群的潛在分布差異。
  5. 重建親緣關係:由胸部或腿部肌肉萃取DNA,並以PCR增幅粒線體基因 ND5 及三個核基因(PepCK、Carab1、EF1-α)等基因片段。PCR 產物經定序與序列比對後,透過最大簡約法(MP)、最大似然法(ML)與貝氏推論(BI)重建親緣關係,並以四個近緣種作為外群。

Innovation and Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration

本研究整合形態學、生態學與分子遺傳學,採多重物種概念,突破過去僅依賴形態特徵的分類模式,將台灣擬食蝸步行蟲重新界定為四個獨立演化單元。結果揭示高低海拔族群在體型、棲位及活動週期上的顯著差異,並透過潛在分布模型評估不同氣候情境下的棲地變化與風險,提出精準保育建議,為特有種長期保護提供科學依據。

Expected Results and Contributions

  1. 台灣擬食蝸步行蟲在不同地理與海拔條件下展現顯著的遺傳分化與生態適應,反映出台灣山脈對島嶼物種的族群結構與基因交流的影響。未來可透過基因組分析,探討高低海拔族群的適應基因、族群結構與演化潛力,評估其對氣候變遷的應對能力,並作為保育遺傳學的重要參考。
  2. 低海拔族群的分布與農業活動區域高度重疊,受農藥使用與棲地破碎化影響,生存風險較高。台灣擬食蝸步行蟲專食蝸牛,可應用於生物防治策略,減少對化學農藥的依賴,促進農業生態系統永續發展。此外,透過族群監測,可作為農業環境健康指標,可作為綠保標章與友善農業政策提供數據支持,並結合里山倡議推動農業區與自然棲地廊道連結,確保族群與農業永續共存。
  3. 台灣擬食蝸步行蟲因易於飼養觀察、僅捕食蝸牛、幼蟲生活史短,為環境教育與生態監測的理想物種。未來可透過公民科學計畫,結合學校、社區與農民建立長期監測機制,提升公眾對昆蟲多樣性與保育議題的認識,並促進社會支持度。此外,未來可擴展至更多學校與保護區場域,推廣生態教育並深化台灣特有物種的保護意識。
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